The Ludi library

Every construct, questionnaire, tool and framework in Ludi, with the evidence behind each. Sign in to open a card.

Constructs 5

Competitive Anxiety and Arousal Regulation · Anxiety
The body-and-mind stress response that shows up before and during competition, and what determines whether it helps or hurts.
Concentration and Attentional Control · Concentration
Putting attention where the task needs it, and getting it back when it drifts.
Self-Confidence and Self-Efficacy · Confidence
The belief that you can do what the moment demands: built from evidence, not personality.
Motivation
The direction, intensity, and. Most importantly — the quality of the drive behind training and competing.
Psychological Resilience and Mental Toughness · Resilience
Not avoiding adversity, but adapting to it: recovering, learning, and staying effective under pressure.

Questionnaires 5

Mental Toughness Index (MTI) · MTI
An 8-item sport-specific measure of mental toughness. The dispositional capacity to stay effective under pressure.
IZOF Identification (Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning), assessment logic · IZOF assessment
Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) · PHQ-2
A 2-item depression screen. It asks whether a referral conversation is indicated, and answers nothing else.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) · GAD-2
A 2-item anxiety screen. It asks whether a referral conversation is indicated, and answers nothing else.
Ludi Adaptive Check-in (LUDI-IND) · LUDI-IND
Ludi's own adaptive check-in: brief screens on every construct, deeper items only where the answers say to look.

Tools 35

Adversity Response Protocol (Allow–Analyse–Act) · Adversity protocol
A structured way to process setbacks afterwards — feel it, learn from it, and decide the next step.
Instructional Self-Talk (cue words & technical focus) · Instructional self-talk
Short task-focused trigger words that direct attention to exactly what the skill needs right now.
Visual Attention Narrowing · Attention narrowing
Narrow your visual focus onto the goal as it gets close — it makes the distance feel shorter and the effort feel easier.
Attribution Retraining · Attribution retraining
Change the story you tell about why you failed — from "I'm not good enough" to "I didn't execute that, and I can.
Awe Practice · Awe
A brief encounter with something vast — nature, skill, or moments bigger than yourself — that quiets self-focus and resets stress.
Slow-Paced (HRV Resonance) Breathing · Breathing
A specific slow breathing rhythm that shifts your nervous system from "threat" to "ready" in under two minutes.
Cognitive Restructuring · Restructuring
Catch the distorted thought, examine the evidence, and build a more balanced, useful one.
Cognitive Defusion · Defusion
Unhook from anxious or self-critical thoughts by seeing them as thoughts — not facts, not commands.
Psychological Detachment · Switching off
Recovery isn't just resting the body — it's the trained skill of mentally leaving your sport for a few hours.
Distanced Self-Talk · Distanced self-talk
Talk to yourself like you'd talk to a teammate — using your own name turns the volume down on a spiral, fast.
Expressive Writing · Expressive writing
Ten minutes of writing the worry out — so working memory is free to perform.
Goal Setting (outcome / performance / process) · Goal setting
Turn a big ambition into the controllable daily actions that actually move it.
Gratitude Practice · Gratitude
Train the brain's appreciation circuitry — most powerfully by receiving and witnessing gratitude, not just listing it.
Mental Imagery (PETTLEP) · Imagery
Vividly rehearse skills, outcomes, and coping in the mind — priming the same circuits the body uses to perform.
If-Then Plans (Scenario Responses) · If-Then plans
Decide in advance exactly when and where you'll act — "when X happens, I will do Y.
Mastery Evidence Log · Mastery log
Record what you executed well after each session — building the evidence base your confidence is made of.
Dual-Task / Pressure-Load Training · Dual-task training
Practise your skill under added mental load and pressure so it holds up when it matters.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation · PMR
Systematically tense and release muscle groups to switch off physical tension and aid recovery.
Pre-Performance Routine · Pre-performance routine
A consistent sequence of actions and thoughts that gets you into the right state, every time.
Arousal Reappraisal (stress reframing) · Reappraisal
Relabel nerves as readiness — same body, better interpretation, better performance.
Rational Performance Beliefs (REBT) · Rational beliefs
Find the hidden "must" behind the pressure — and trade it for a preference you can actually play with.
Individualised Recovery Plan · Recovery plan
Track the stress–recovery balance and replenish energy the way YOU actually recover.
Self-Control for Habit Formation · Self-control / habit formation
When you know what you should do but don't want to — reconnect with why, and create distance from the pull of right now.
Motivational Self-Talk · Motivational self-talk
Self-statements that build drive, effort and belief — confidence first, not technique.
Stress Inoculation Training · Stress inoculation
Build resistance to pressure the way you build resistance to a virus — controlled, graded exposure that strengthens the response.
Values Clarification · Values
Get clear on what you deeply care about in sport — the durable fuel that outlasts results and motivation dips.
Best Possible Self · Best possible self
Write and vividly imagine a future self who has worked hard and things have gone well — a tested optimism and motivation builder.
Savouring
Deliberately prolong and deepen positive moments in sport, so good performances actually register and stick.
Quiet Eye Training · Quiet eye
Train the final gaze fixation before a critical movement — the visual anchor that separates expert from novice under pressure.
Anticipation Training (temporal & spatial occlusion) · Anticipation training
Drill the read, not the reaction — train the brain to pick up early postural cues so the decision is already made before the ball arrives.
Sport-Specific Decision Training (representative video / VR) · Decision training
Train the choice itself — repeated representative game scenarios that drill 'what's the right option, now' until it's fast and automatic.
Visual Search & Gaze Training (sport-specific) · Visual-search training
Train where the eyes go — efficient, expert-like gaze patterns that put the right information in front of the brain at the right time.
Stroboscopic Vision Training · Stroboscopic training
Intermittent vision (strobe eyewear) forces the brain to do more with less visual information — a short-term boost to anticipatory timing and transient attention.
3D Multiple-Object Tracking (3D-MOT / NeuroTracker-type) · 3D-MOT tracking
Track several moving targets at once in 3D — reliably trains dynamic attention and processing speed, but transfer to actual game performance is not established.
Brain Endurance Training (BET) — cognitive-load component · Brain endurance training
Add a demanding cognitive task on top of physical training so skills and decisions hold up when the brain is fatigued late in a game.

Frameworks 8

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (applied to performance) · ACT
Stop fighting your thoughts and feelings; make room for them and act on what matters anyway.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (applied to performance) · CBT
Change the unhelpful thoughts and behaviours that get in the way, and performance and wellbeing follow.
Mindfulness-Based Approaches · Mindfulness
Training present-moment, non-judgmental awareness: the foundational skill under attention, composure, and flow.
Neuroscience and Psychophysiology · Neuroscience
Use the body's measurable systems — breath, heart, brain, senses — to directly shift mental state and train performance.
Positive Psychology (PERMA, flow, strengths) · Positive psychology
Build what makes athletes flourish — positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment — not just fix what's wrong.
Self-Determination Theory · SDT
People thrive when three basic needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness — are met; motivation quality follows from there.
Social Cognitive Theory (self-efficacy) · Social cognitive
We learn and act through the interplay of beliefs, behaviour, and environment, and belief in our capability is the engine.
Transactional Stress and Coping · Stress & coping
Stress is not what happens to you. It is how you appraise what happens. Challenge appraisal mobilises resources; threat appraisal drains them.

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